تاثیر شمول مالی و نابرابری درآمد بر سرمایه انسانی در کشورهای در حال توسعه

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه اقتصاد، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه آیت الله بروجردی (ره)، بروجرد، ایران

2 دانشجوی دکتری اقتصاد پولی دانشگاه اصفهان

3 کارشناسی ارشد حسابداری، دانشگاه چمران اهواز، ایران

چکیده

اغلب کشورهای در حال توسعه با سطوح پایین سرمایه انسانی مواجه هستند. سرمایه انسانی از طریق آموزش و ارتقای مهارت‌ها و دانش، می‌تواند به عنوان یکی از راهکارهای کلیدی در پیشرفت کشورهای در حال توسعه مطرح شود. یک سیستم مالی با عملکرد مناسب جهت کاهش ریسک‌های مرتبط با از دست دادن درآمد و در نتیجه تقویت سرمایه انسانی، افزایش فرصت‌ها و مکانیسم‌های توزیع درآمد و کاهش فقر ضروری است. از این روی شمول مالی نقش مهمی در تقویت سرمایه انسانی ایفا می‌کند. شمول مالی با تسهیل دسترسی و استفاده از خدمات مالی برای همه افراد در یک اقتصاد، به عنوان عاملی حیاتی از توسعه انسانی و رشد اقتصادی در نظر گرفته می‌شود. علاوه بر این، دسترسی و استفاده از امکانات مالی ممکن است به افراد اجازه دهد تا با سرمایه‌گذاری در بخش آموزش با عوامل مخاطره‌آمیز مقابله کنند و بار مشکلات مالی را کاهش دهند و در نتیجه تأثیر مثبتی بر سرمایه انسانی داشته باشند. با توجه به این مسئله، مطالعه حاضر تأثیر شمول مالی و نابرابری درآمد را بر سرمایه انسانی در 52 کشور در حال توسعه طی دوره 2021-2005 و با استفاده از روش گشتاورهای تعمیم‌یافته پانلی بررسی می‌کند. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که شاخص شمول مالی در سطح معنای ده درصد تأثیر غیرخطی به شکل U بر سرمایه انسانی دارد. به عبارت دیگر، در سطوح پایین شمول مالی، این متغیر نمی تواند به تقویت سرمایه انسانی منجر شود اما در سطوح بالا و عبور از آستانه این متغیر می تواند موجب تقویت سرمایه انسانی شود. سایر نتایج نشان می‌دهد که نابرابری درآمد و پرداخت‌های انتقالی اثر منفی و معنادار و رشد اقتصادی و قدرت خرید مصرف‌کننده اثر مثبت و معنادار بر سرمایه انسانی دارند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

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